The relative contribution of emotional sensitivity, anxiety and depression in forecasting quality of life of university students
Keywords:
general anxiety, depression, emotional sensitivity, quality of life
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating the relationship between quality of life and both general anxiety, emotional sensitivity and depression among university students. It also aimed at investigating the relative contribution of emotional sensitivity, general anxiety and depression in forecasting quality of life of university students. The study aimed also at identifying the differences in the quality of life according to levels of general anxiety, depression and emotional sensitivity. It also aimed at identifying the differences between males and females in the variables: quality of life, general anxiety, depression and emotional sensitivity. The study also identified the degree of prevalence of these variables among university students. The study used a sample of (1013) males and females studying at the College of Education. It also modified into Arabic the study tools: general anxiety, depression, emotional sensitivity and quality of life and ensured its consistency and validity. The results showed that the most predictive factors for quality of life are: general anxiety by 35.6%, depression by 31.1% and emotional sensitivity by 19%.
Key words: general anxiety, depression, emotional sensitivity, quality of life
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References
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Bollen, K. A. (1989), Sample Size and Bentler and Bonett’s Nonnormed Fit Index,” Psychometrika, 51, 375-377.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bui, E.; Anderson, E.; Goetter, E. M.; Campbell, A.; Barrett, E. (2017). . Heightened sensitivity to emotional ex‐pressions in generalized anxiety disorder, compared to social anxiety disorder, and controls. Cognition & Emotion, 31(1), 119-126. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1087973
Carmines, E.G., & Mclver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved Variables. In G. W. Bohrnstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social measurement: Current Issues, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Carrozzino, D., Patierno, C., Fava, G., & Guidi, J. (2020). The Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression: A Critical Review of Clinimetric Properties of Different Versions. Psychother Psychosom(89), 133–150. doi:DOI: 10.1159/000506879
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Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-w., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New Well-being Measures: Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Soc Indic Res(97), 143–156. doi:DOI 10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
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Fischer, A., Kret, M., & Broekens, J. (2018). Gender differences in emotion perception and self-. PLoS ONE, 13(1), 1-19. doi:e0190712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
Gao, J., & McLellan, R. (2018). Using Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being in adolescents in mainland China. BMC Psychology, 6(17), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0231-6
Gin-Gin Gan, F., & Yuen-Ling Hue, M. (2019). Anxiety, depression and quality of life of medical students. Med J Malaysia, 74(1), 57-71.
Gregory, T., & Brinkman, S. (2015). Development of the Australian Student Wellbeing survey: Measuring the key aspects of social and emotional wellbeing during middle childhood. the Fraser Mustard Centre. Department for Education and Child Development and the Telethon Kids Institute Adelaide.
Guarino, L. R. (2003). Emotional Sensitivity: A New Measure of Emotional Lability and its Moderating Role IN the Stress-Illnes Relationship. New York: Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,University of York,Department of Psychology.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Ed.). Upper saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry(62), 23-56.
Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological Well-being: Evidence Regarding its Causes and Consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1(2), 137-164. doi:doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x
Innamorati, M., Balsamo, M., Fairfield, B., Fabbricatore, M., Tamburello, A., & Saggino, a. A. (2014). Construct Validity and Reliability of the Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire: A Comparison of Three Factor Models. Depression Research and Treatment, Volume 2014, Article ID 972424,, 1-10. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/972424
Jovev, M., Chanen, A., Green, M., Cotton, S., Proffitt, T., Coltheart, M., & Jackson, H. (2011). Emotional sensitivity in youth with borderline personality pathology. Psychiatry Research, 187, 234-240.
Kern, M. e. (2015). The EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201.
Kraines, M. A., Kelberer, L. J., & Wells, T. T. (2018). Rejection sensitivity, interpersonal rejection, and attention for emotional facial expressions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 59, 31-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.004
Kutz, A., Marshall, E., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010). Evaluating emotional sensitivity and tolerance factors in the prediction of panic-relevant responding to a biological challenge. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 16–22. doi:doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.025
Lebois, L. A., A.Palermo, C., S.Scheuer, L., P.Lebois, E., R.Winternitz, S., LauraGermine, & L.Kaufman, M. (2020). Higher integration scores are associated with facial emotion perception differences in dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123(4), 164-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.007
Marston, E. G., Hare, A., & Allen, J. P. (2010). Rejection Sensitivity in Late Adolescence: Social and Emotional Sequelae. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, 20(4), 959–982. doi:DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00675.x
Perdighe, C., Cosentin, T., P. F., Gragnani, A., Saliani, A., & Mancini, F. (2015). Individual differences in guilt sensitivity: the guilt sensitivity scale(GSS). TPM, 22(3), 349-362. doi:doi:10.4473/TPM22.3.3
Pontin, E., Schwannauer, M., Tai, S., & Kinderman, P. (2013). A UK validation of a general measure of subjective well-being: the modified BBC subjective well-being scale (BBC-SWB). Pontin et al. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 1-9. doi:http://www.hqlo.com/content/11/1/150
Quimet, A. J., Kane, L., & Tutino, J. S. (2016). fear of anxiety or fear of emotions?Anxiety sensitivity is indirectly related to anxiety and depressive syptomes via emotion regulations. Cogent Psychology, 3(1249132), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1249132
Rutter, A. L., Scheuer, L., Vahia, I., Forester, B., Smoller, J., & Germine, L. (2019). Emotion sensitivity and self-reported syptomes of generalized anxiety disorder across the lifespan: A population-based sample approach. Brain and Behavior, 1-7. doi:DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1282
Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol., 57(6), 1069–81.
Ryff, C., Spring, B., & Loive, G. (2004). Positive health : Connecting well-being with biology. Biological Sciences(359), 1383-1394.
Schumacher, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2004) A Biginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition). New J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Seligman, M. F. (2011). A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Wellbeing. New York: Free Press.
Spitzer RL, K., Williams, J., & Lowe, B. (1999). Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA(282), :1737-1744.
Surcinelli, P.; Codispoti, M.; Montebarocci, O., R (2006). Facial emotion recognition in trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,, 110-117. Retrieved from . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.010
Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 197-201.
Usman, R., & Khan, M. (2019). Rejection Sensitivity, Depression, Self Esteem, Quality of life and Coping. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 8(6), 528-537.
WHOQOL, G. (1995). The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment. social science and medicine, 41(10), 1403-1409.
Williams, J., & Lowe, B. (2006). A breif measure of assessing generalized anxiety disorder:the GAD-7. ARCH Intern Med, 166(10), 1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
AlHadi, A., AlAteeq, D., Al Shari, E., Bawazeer, H., Alanazi, A., AlShomrani, A., . . . AlOwaybil, R. (2017). An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry, 16(32), 1-9. doi:DOI 10.1186/s12991-017-0155-1
Attwood, A. S. (2017). State anxiety and emotional face recognition in healthy volunteers. Royal Society Open Science, 4(5), 1-16. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160855
Barbieri, V. A. (2020). The uflyence of rejaection sensitivity and peqr of negative evaluation on emotion recognition. American University, Washington, D.C.: Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University for Master of Arts in Psychology.
Bentler, P. M. Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 31). Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1980.
Bollen, K. A. (1989), Sample Size and Bentler and Bonett’s Nonnormed Fit Index,” Psychometrika, 51, 375-377.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bui, E.; Anderson, E.; Goetter, E. M.; Campbell, A.; Barrett, E. (2017). . Heightened sensitivity to emotional ex‐pressions in generalized anxiety disorder, compared to social anxiety disorder, and controls. Cognition & Emotion, 31(1), 119-126. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1087973
Carmines, E.G., & Mclver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved Variables. In G. W. Bohrnstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social measurement: Current Issues, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Carrozzino, D., Patierno, C., Fava, G., & Guidi, J. (2020). The Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression: A Critical Review of Clinimetric Properties of Different Versions. Psychother Psychosom(89), 133–150. doi:DOI: 10.1159/000506879
Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 85(2), 186. doi:. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.85.2.186
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. Am Psychol., 55(1), 34.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-w., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New Well-being Measures: Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Soc Indic Res(97), 143–156. doi:DOI 10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343.
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327.
Fischer, A., Kret, M., & Broekens, J. (2018). Gender differences in emotion perception and self-. PLoS ONE, 13(1), 1-19. doi:e0190712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
Gao, J., & McLellan, R. (2018). Using Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being in adolescents in mainland China. BMC Psychology, 6(17), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0231-6
Gin-Gin Gan, F., & Yuen-Ling Hue, M. (2019). Anxiety, depression and quality of life of medical students. Med J Malaysia, 74(1), 57-71.
Gregory, T., & Brinkman, S. (2015). Development of the Australian Student Wellbeing survey: Measuring the key aspects of social and emotional wellbeing during middle childhood. the Fraser Mustard Centre. Department for Education and Child Development and the Telethon Kids Institute Adelaide.
Guarino, L. R. (2003). Emotional Sensitivity: A New Measure of Emotional Lability and its Moderating Role IN the Stress-Illnes Relationship. New York: Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,University of York,Department of Psychology.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Ed.). Upper saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry(62), 23-56.
Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological Well-being: Evidence Regarding its Causes and Consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1(2), 137-164. doi:doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x
Innamorati, M., Balsamo, M., Fairfield, B., Fabbricatore, M., Tamburello, A., & Saggino, a. A. (2014). Construct Validity and Reliability of the Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire: A Comparison of Three Factor Models. Depression Research and Treatment, Volume 2014, Article ID 972424,, 1-10. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/972424
Jovev, M., Chanen, A., Green, M., Cotton, S., Proffitt, T., Coltheart, M., & Jackson, H. (2011). Emotional sensitivity in youth with borderline personality pathology. Psychiatry Research, 187, 234-240.
Kern, M. e. (2015). The EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201.
Kraines, M. A., Kelberer, L. J., & Wells, T. T. (2018). Rejection sensitivity, interpersonal rejection, and attention for emotional facial expressions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 59, 31-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.004
Kutz, A., Marshall, E., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010). Evaluating emotional sensitivity and tolerance factors in the prediction of panic-relevant responding to a biological challenge. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 16–22. doi:doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.025
Lebois, L. A., A.Palermo, C., S.Scheuer, L., P.Lebois, E., R.Winternitz, S., LauraGermine, & L.Kaufman, M. (2020). Higher integration scores are associated with facial emotion perception differences in dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123(4), 164-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.007
Marston, E. G., Hare, A., & Allen, J. P. (2010). Rejection Sensitivity in Late Adolescence: Social and Emotional Sequelae. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, 20(4), 959–982. doi:DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00675.x
Perdighe, C., Cosentin, T., P. F., Gragnani, A., Saliani, A., & Mancini, F. (2015). Individual differences in guilt sensitivity: the guilt sensitivity scale(GSS). TPM, 22(3), 349-362. doi:doi:10.4473/TPM22.3.3
Pontin, E., Schwannauer, M., Tai, S., & Kinderman, P. (2013). A UK validation of a general measure of subjective well-being: the modified BBC subjective well-being scale (BBC-SWB). Pontin et al. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 1-9. doi:http://www.hqlo.com/content/11/1/150
Quimet, A. J., Kane, L., & Tutino, J. S. (2016). fear of anxiety or fear of emotions?Anxiety sensitivity is indirectly related to anxiety and depressive syptomes via emotion regulations. Cogent Psychology, 3(1249132), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1249132
Rutter, A. L., Scheuer, L., Vahia, I., Forester, B., Smoller, J., & Germine, L. (2019). Emotion sensitivity and self-reported syptomes of generalized anxiety disorder across the lifespan: A population-based sample approach. Brain and Behavior, 1-7. doi:DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1282
Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol., 57(6), 1069–81.
Ryff, C., Spring, B., & Loive, G. (2004). Positive health : Connecting well-being with biology. Biological Sciences(359), 1383-1394.
Schumacher, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2004) A Biginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition). New J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Seligman, M. F. (2011). A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Wellbeing. New York: Free Press.
Spitzer RL, K., Williams, J., & Lowe, B. (1999). Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA(282), :1737-1744.
Surcinelli, P.; Codispoti, M.; Montebarocci, O., R (2006). Facial emotion recognition in trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,, 110-117. Retrieved from . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.010
Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 197-201.
Usman, R., & Khan, M. (2019). Rejection Sensitivity, Depression, Self Esteem, Quality of life and Coping. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 8(6), 528-537.
WHOQOL, G. (1995). The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment. social science and medicine, 41(10), 1403-1409.
Williams, J., & Lowe, B. (2006). A breif measure of assessing generalized anxiety disorder:the GAD-7. ARCH Intern Med, 166(10), 1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Published
2021-03-15
How to Cite
Shoeib, A. (2021). The relative contribution of emotional sensitivity, anxiety and depression in forecasting quality of life of university students. International Journal of Research in Educational Sciences., 4(2), 71 - 130. Retrieved from http://iafh.net/index.php/IJRES/article/view/290
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