An application of Systems Science in the context of Greek Environmental Education for planning interventions against volcanic hazards

  • Anastasios Mavrakis West Attica Secondary Education Directorate, Greek Ministry of Education, mavrakisan@yahoo.gr
  • Alexandra Tsigkou West Attica Primary Education Directorate, Greek Ministry of Education, aletsig@gmail.com
  • Christina Papavasileiou Second Athens Secondary Education Directorate, Greek Ministry of Education, xripapav@gmail.com
  • Georgios Sigalos ArcEnviro
  • Socratis Dasaclis ArcEnviro
  • Xenophon Vamvakeros Secondary Education Directorate of Cyclades, Greek Ministry of Education, xenofonvamvakeros@gmail.com
  • Evangelos C. Papakitsos University of West Attica
Keywords: environmental education, Systems Inquiry, volcanic hazards

Abstract

Schools (amid in secondary and primary education) are installations vulnerable to all kinds of hazards. Because within the last 70 years, at least, there has not been any experience of volcanic activity in Greece, this kind of hazard is not extensively referred to, by official plans, local communities as well as teachers and pupils. In this paper and by using the systemic methodology of Systems Inquiry, the authors make an exploratory analysis of school-units located at the relatively short distances of 2 to 50 Km from volcanoes with registered “Volcanic Explosivity Index” (VEI) activity. Data regarding schools, adopted from the official database of the Greek government and Ministry of Education, have been utilized. The results indicate, regarding only the historically registered VEI activity and not the following consequences/phenomena (as for example, a tsunami), that vulnerable schools are located in Sousaki (East Corinth prefecture), Methana, Milos, Santorini, Nisyros and Kos Islands. The possible number of educational personnel, pupils and infrastructures is estimated. New approaches in the context of Greek environmental education are proposed for the presentation of these hazards in the educational personnel.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adger, W.N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006

Antoniou, V., Nomikou, P., Bardouli, P., Lampridou, D., Ioannou, T., Kalisperakis, I., Stentoumis, C., Whitworth, M., Krokos, M., & Ragia, L. (2018). An Interactive Story Map for the Methana Volcanic Peninsula. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management (GISTAM 2018), pp. 68–78.

Barberi, F., & Carapezza, M. (2019). Explosive volcanoes in the Mediterranean area: hazards from future eruptions at Vesuvius (Italy) and Santorini (Greece). Annals of Geophysics, 62(1), VO01. http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7761

Bird, D.K. (2009). The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation – a review of current knowledge and practice. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9, 1307–1325. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1307-2009

Boca, G. D., & Sinan S. (2019). Environmental Education and Student’s Perception, for Sustainability. Sustainability, 11(6), 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061553

Bosi, V. (2009). Emergency management in volcanic crisis: Italian cases. In the Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa. The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 17-28 August 2009, Trieste, Italy.

Bronfman, N.C., Cisternas, P.C., Repetto, P.B., & Castañeda, J.V. (2019). Natural disaster preparedness in a multi-hazard environment: Characterizing the sociodemographic profile of those better (worse) prepared. PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0214249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214249

Brown, J., & Isaacs, D. (2005). The World Café: Shaping Our Futures Through Conversations That Matter. Berrett-Koehler: s.l.

Burgos-Garcia, A. (2007). Mainstreaming Occupational Safety and Health into Education: Good Practice in School and Vocational Education. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review, 2(1), 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v02i01/52022

Bye, R. J., Rosness, R., & Røyrvik, J. O. D. (2016). “Culture” as a tool and stumbling block for learning: The function of “culture” in communications from regulatory authorities in the Norwegian petroleum sector. Safety Science, 81, 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.02.015

Camacho, H. N., Rybels, S., Coppens, T., & Pineda, A. V. (2020). World Café as a Participatory Approach to Facilitate the Implementation Process of Problem-Based Learning. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 8(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.5278/ojs.jpblhe.v8i1.2660

Cecchini, M., Zambon, I., Pontrandolfi, A., Turco, R., Colantoni, A., Mavrakis, A., & Salvati, L. (2019). Urban Sprawl and the “Olive” Landscape: Sustainable Land Management for “Crisis” Cities. GeoJournal, 84(1), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9848-5

Chouliaras, G. (2009). Investigating the earthquake catalogue of the National Observatory of Athens. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Science, 9, 905–912. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-905-2009

Congcong, P., Boshan, G., & Xinyu, C. (2021). Introduction of Environmental Protection Concept in Textile Major Education. Journal of Educational Theory and Management, 5(1), 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jetm.v5i1.6471

D’Alessandro, W. (2006). Gas hazard: an often neglected natural risk in volcanic areas. Geo-Environment and Landscape Evolution II, 89, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.2495/geo060371

D’Alessandro, W., Brusca, L., Kyriakopoulos, K., Michas, G., & Papadakis, G. (2009). Hydrogen sulphide as a natural air contaminant in volcanic/geothermal areas: the case of Sousaki, Corinthia (Greece). Environmental Geology, 57(8), 1723–1728.

D’Alessandro, W., Brusca, L., Kyriakopoulos, K., Rotolo, S., Michas, G., Minio, M., & Papadakis, G. (2006). Diffuse and focused carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the Sousaki geothermal system, Greece. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L05307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025777

Dinou, I., & Niarchou, E. (2015). The Café of environmental education. Athens: eBook [in Greek].

Dominey-Howes, D. (2002). Documentary and Geological Records of Tsunamis in the Aegean Sea Region of Greece and their Potential Value to Risk Assessment and Disaster Management. Natural Hazards, 25(3), 195–224. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014808804611

Dominey-Howes, D., & Minos-Minopoulos, D. (2004). Perceptions of hazard and risk on Santorini. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 137(4), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.06.002

Ebert, P.A., Smith, M., & Durbach, I. (2019). Varieties of Risk. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 101(2), 432-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12598

EM-DAT (2020). EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database – Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) – CRED, D. Guha-Sapir Brussels, Belgium – www.emdat.be, 2020 (last accessed on 1 December 2020).

Environmental Education Office of West Attica Primary Education Directorate (EEO – WAPED) 2017. Material from “The volcanoes of our neighbourhood as an occasion for Environmental Education / Sustainable Development Education (SDE) Programs” seminar [in Greek]. Retrieved on 5 April 2021, from https://perekp.wordpress.com/2017/05/13/%cf%84%ce%b1-%ce%b7%cf%86%ce%b1%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b1-%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b3%ce%b5%ce%b9%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ac%cf%82-%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%82-%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%bc%ce%ae/

Foumelis, M., Trasatti, E., Papageorgiou, E., Stramondo, S., & Parcharidis, I. (2013). Monitoring Santorini volcano (Greece) breathing from space. Geophysical Journal International, 193(1), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs135

Foutrakis, M.P, & Anastasakis, G. (2018). Bathy-morphological setting of the Submarine Pausanias Volcanic Field, South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc. Journal of Maps, 14(2), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1473816

Gatsios, T., Cigna, F., Tapete, D., Sakkas, V., Pavlou, K., & Parcharidis, I. (2020). Copernicus Sentinel-1 MT-InSAR, GNSS and Seismic Monitoring of Deformation Patterns and Trends at the Methana Volcano, Greece. Applied Sciences, 10(18), 6445. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186445

Georgopoulos, A. (2014). Environmental Education, Identity Issues. Athens: Gutenberg [in Greek].

Giannaki, M., Babili, V., Tzokas, H., & Tsigou, A. (2019). Strengthening pupils’ emotional involvement in local environmental issues: A case study, For Environmental Education. PEEKPE Magazine, 16–17 [in Greek].

Gill, L., Ramsey, P., Leberman, S., & Atkins, S. (2016). Using World Café to enhance Relationship-building for the Purpose of Developing Trust in Emotional Intelligence Training Environments. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 14(2), 98–110.

Global Volcanism Program (2013). Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.9.4. In Venzke, E. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013 (last accessed on 08 May 2021).

Hoffmann, R., & Blecha, D. (2020). Education and Disaster Vulnerability in Southeast Asia: Evidence and Policy Implications. Sustainability, 12(4), 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041401

Hoffmann, R., & Muttarak, R. (2017). Learn from the Past, Prepare for the Future: Impacts of Education and Experience on Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines and Thailand. World Development, 96, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.016

Kapetanidis, V., Karakonstantis, A., Papadimitriou, P., Pavlou, K., Spingos, I., Kaviris, G., & Voulgaris, N. (2020). The 19 July 2019 earthquake in Athens, Greece: a delayed major aftershock of the 1999 Mw = 6.0 event, or the activation of a different structure? Journal of Geodynamics, 101766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2020.101766

Kassaras, I., Kapetanidis, V., Ganas, A., Tzanis, A., Kosma, C., Karakonstantis, A., Valkaniotis, S., Chailas, S., Kouskouna, V., & Papadimitriou, P. (2020). The New Seismotectonic Atlas of Greece (v1.0) and Its Implementation. Geosciences, 10(11), 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110447

Kastolani, W., & Mainaki, R. (2018). Does Educational Disaster Mitigation Need To Be Introduced In School? SHS Web of Conferences, 42, 00063. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200063

Kavan, S. (2021). Evaluation of the Current Approach to Education of Security Issues at Selected Universities Preparing Future Pedagogues. Sustainability, 13, 10684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910684

Kinvig, H.S., Winson, A., & Gottsmann, J. (2010). Analysis of volcanic threat from Nisyros Island, Greece, with implications for aviation and population exposure. Natural Hazards Earth Systems Science, 10, 1101–1113. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1101-2010

Kyriakopoulos, K.G., Kanaris-Sotiriou, R., & Stamatakis, M.G. (1990). The authigenic minerals formed from volcanic emanations at Soussaki, west Attica peninsula, Greece. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28(2), 363–368.

Lagios, E., Parcharidis, L.S., Foumelis, M., & Sakkas, V. (2005). Ground deformation monitoring of the Santorini volcano using satellite radar interferometry. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST 2005), 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/rast.2005.1512651

Le Brocque, R., De Young, A., Montague, G., Pocock, S., March, S., Triggell, N., Rabaa, C., & Kenardy, J. (2017). Schools and Natural Disaster Recovery: The Unique and Vital Role That Teachers and Education Professionals Play in Ensuring the Mental Health of Students Following Natural Disasters. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 27(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2016.17

Lekkas, E., Salachoris, M., Grambas, A., Plessas, P., Alexoudi, V., Valadaki, K., & Plessas, S. (2014). Disaster Data Centre–An Innovative Educational Tool for Disaster Reduction through Education in Schools. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2, 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2014.29006

Mani, L., Cole, P.D., & Stewart, I. (2016). Using video games for volcanic hazard education and communication: an assessment of the method and preliminary results. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Science, 16, 1673–1689. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1673-2016

Mavrakis, A., Papakitsos, E.C., Papapanousi, C., & Papavasileiou, C. (2019). An Application of Systems Science for the Usage of Web–tools in Environmental Education: The Case of Western Attica, Greece. Journal of Research Initiatives, 4(2), Article 4. https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri/vol4/iss2/4

Mavrakis, A., Papavasileiou, C., Alexakis, D., Papakitsos, E.C., & Salvati, L. (2021). Meteorological patterns and the evolution of West Nile virus in an environmentally stressed Mediterranean area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09011-3

Newhall, C.G., & Self, S. (1982). The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87(C2), 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC02p01231

Nomikou, P., Carey, S., Bell, K.L., Papanikolaou, C.D., Bejelou, K., Cantner, K., Sakellariou, D., & Perros, I. (2012). Tsunami hazard risk of a future volcanic eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano, NE of Santorini Caldera, Greece. Natural Hazards, 72(3), 1375–1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0405-0

Nomikou, P., Krassakis, P., Kazana, S., Papanikolaou, D., & Koukouzas, N. (2021). The Volcanic Relief within the Kos-Nisyros-Tilos Tectonic Graben at the Eastern Edge of the Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece and Geohazard Implications. Geosciences, 11, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11060231

OASP (n.d.). Earthquakes and Greece. Greek Organization of Anti-seismic Planning and Protection (OASP). https://www.oasp.gr/node/207 [in Greek].

Palmos, D., Papavasileiou, C., Papakitsos, E.C., Vamvakeros, X., & Mavrakis, A. (2021). Enhancing the environmental programmes of secondary education by using web-tools concerning precaution measures in civil protection: The case of Western Attica (Greece). Safety Science, 135, 105117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105117

Pantazidis, A. (n.d). A brief reference guide for hosting a world café. Athens: eBook [in Greek].

Papadimitriou, P., Voulgaris, N., Kassaras, I., Kaviris, G., Delibasis, N., & Makropoulos, K. (2002). The Mw = 6.0, 7 September 1999 Athens Earthquake. Natural Hazards, 27, 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019914915693

Papadimitriou, V. (2012). Place-Based Education. PEEKPE Magazine, 1, 46 [in Greek].

Papakitsos, E. (2013). The Systemic Modeling via Military Practice at the Service of any Operational Planning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 3(9), 176–190. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v3-i9/200

Papakitsos, E.C., & Mavrakis, A. (2018). A Systemic Model Proposed for the Management of Local Environmental Education, Awareness and Protection: A Case Study. Humanities and Social Science Research, 1(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v1n2p1

Papakitsos, E.C., Makrygiannis, P.S., & Mavrakis, A. (2021). A Study on Applications of Systems Engineering to Holistic Didactics. In A. Yildirim (ed.), Modern Perspectives in Language, Literature and Education, vol. 9 (pp. 36–52). Hooghly and London: B P International. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mplle/v9/12711D

Papavasileiou, C. (2021). Investigating the education community's perception of physical and technological hazards: Case study the Thriassiο Plain Area. Master Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. https://pergamos.lib.uoa.gr/uoa/dl/object/2940808 [in Greek].

Papavasileiou, C., Mavrakis, A., Kourou, A., & Salvati, L. (2021). Perception of biohazards: a focus on schools in Western Attica, Greece. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 6(27), 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00231-6

Pierson, T.C., Wood, N.J., & Driedger, C.L. (2014). Reducing risk from lahar hazards: concepts, case studies, and roles for scientists. Journal of Applied Volcanology, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-014-0016-4

Poulianos, A.N. (1984). Once more on the age and stratigraphy of the petralonian man. Journal of Human Evolution, 13(5), 465–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(84)80059-7

Poulianos, A.N. (1989). Petralona cave within Lower-Middle Pleistocene sites. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 73(3–4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90009-6

Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. World Development, 22(9), 1325–1343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8

Psaroudakis, I., Quattrone, F., Tavoschi, L., De Vita, E., Cervia, S., Biancheri, R., & Lopalco, P.L. (2020). Engaging adolescents in developing health education interventions: a multidisciplinary pilot project. European Journal of Public Health, 30(4), 712–714. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa012

Rizzo, A.L., Caracausi, A., Chavagnac, V., Nomikou, P., Polymenakou, P.N., Mandalakis, M., Kotoulas, G., Magoulas, A., Castillo, A., & Lampridou, D. (2016). Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system. Scientific Reports, 6, 28013. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28013

Ross, S. (2017). Living in the Shadow of Italy’s Volcanoes. Discover the World Education: https://www.discover-the-world.com/study-trips/living-in-the-shadow-of-italys-volcanoes/ (last accessed on 1 December 2020).

Sachpazi, M., Kontoes, C., Voulgaris, N., Laigle, M., Vougioukalakis, G., Sikioti, O., Stavrakakis, G., Baskoutas, J., Kalogeras, J., & Lepine, J.C. (2002). Seismological and SAR signature of unrest at Nisyros caldera, Greece. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 116, 19–33.

Salvati, L. (2018). Population growth and the economic crisis: understanding latent patterns of change in Greece, 2002–2016. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 11, 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-018-0204-7

Sigalos, G., Loukaidi, V., Dasaklis, S., Drakopoulou, P., Salvati, L., Ruiz, P.S., & Mavrakis, A. (2016). Soil erosion and degradation in a rapidly expanding industrial area of Eastern Mediterranean basin (Thriasio plain, Greece). Natural Hazards, 82(3), 2187–2200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2288-y

Sorokin, P.A. (1946). Man and Society in Calamity: The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence Upon Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Cultural Life. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Sykioti, O., Kontoes, C.C., Elias, P., Briole, P., Sachpazi, M., Paradissis, D., & Kotsis, I. (2003). Ground deformation at Nisyros volcano (Greece) detected by ERS-2 SAR differential interferometry. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(1), 183-188.

Terry, J., Raithby, M., Cutter, J., & Murphy, F. (2015). A menu for learning: a World Café approach for user involvement and inter-professional learning on mental health. Social Work Education, 34(4), 437–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2015.103165

Tilling, R.I. (1989). Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: Progress and problems. Reviews of Geophysics, 27(2), 237. https://doi.org/10.1029/rg027i002p00237

Torani, S., Majd, P.M., Maroufi, S.S., Dowlati, M., & Sheikhi, R.A. (2019). The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8, 85. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_262_18

Traineau, H., & Dalabakis, P. (1989). Mise en evidence d'une eruption phreatique historique sur l'ile de Milos (Grece). Compte Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser II 308, 247–252 [in French].

Tsatsanifos, C., Kontogianni, V., & Stiros, S. (2007). Tunneling and other engineering works in volcanic environments: Sousaki and Thessaly. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 40(4), 1733–1740. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17102

Tsevreni, I. (2009). The need for an action-oriented environmental education, For Environmental Education. PEEKPE Magazine, 43, 10–12.

Ulvrova, M., Paris, R., Nomikou, P., Kelfoun, K., Leibrandt, S., Tappin, D.R., & McCoy, F.W. (2016). Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 321, 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.034

Vougioukalakis, G., Sparks, R.S., Druitt, T., Pyle, D., Papazachos, C., & Fytikas, M. (2016). Volcanic hazard assessment at Santorini Volcano: A review and a synthesis in the light of the 2011-2012 Santorini unrest. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 50(1), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11728

Vougioukalakis, G.E., & Fytikas, M. (2005). Volcanic hazards in the Aegean area, relative risk evaluation, monitoring and present state of the active volcanic centers. Developments in Volcanology, 7, 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1871-644X(05)80037-3

Vougioukalakis, G.E., Satow, C.G., & Druitt, T.H. (2019). Volcanism of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. Elements, 15(3), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.3.159

Washington, H. (1924). Notes on the Solfatara of Sousaki (Greece), a Recent Eruption at Methana (Greece), and Recent Maccalube at Vulcano. The Journal of Geology, 32(6), 460–462. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30060358

Waugh, W.L. (1996). Disaster Management in the US and Canada: The Politics, Policymaking, Administration and Analysis of Emergency Management. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

Published
2022-06-15
How to Cite
Mavrakis, A., Tsigkou, A., Papavasileiou, C., Sigalos, G., Dasaclis, S., Vamvakeros, X., & Papakitsos, E. (2022). An application of Systems Science in the context of Greek Environmental Education for planning interventions against volcanic hazards. International Journal of Research in Educational Sciences., 5(3), 41-76. Retrieved from http://iafh.net/index.php/IJRES/article/view/343
Section
Articles