The child and custody gender, the age of the child at the time of divorce, and its relationship to the attitude towards parents among children with parental alienation syndrome at the end of the custody age

  • Mahmoud Ali Moussa Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology, College of Education, Suez Canal university, Egypt, mahmod567@yahoo.com
  • Mohamed Abo Zaid Sayed Lawyer at appeal and state security courts
Keywords: Parental alienation, custody gender, Child gender

Abstract

The study aimed to verify the relationships between the child gender and the custodian, the child age at divorce, and its relationship to the attitude towards parents among children with parental alienation syndrome at the end of the custody age. The study relied on the descriptive-analytical method. The sample consisted of 102 cases whose ages ranged from 16 to 21 years old. The sample was chosen intentionally. The study relied on the diagnostic list of symptoms of parental alienation to select the sample. The study prepared a measure of attitude towards parents. A chi-square test used for the independence of two variables to analyze the required relationships. The study concluded that there is a dependence of the custodian gender variables and the attitude towards the target parent levels. While the variables of the level of attitude towards the target parent and the child's gender were independent, the levels of attitude towards the target parent and the dominant parent were independent.

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bagshaw, D., Brown, T., Wendt, S., Campbell, A., McInnes, E., Tinning, B., & Arias, P. F. (2011). The effect of family violence on post-separation parenting arrangements: The experiences and views of children and adults from families who separated post-1995 and post-2006. Family Matters, (86), 49-61.

Baker, A. J. L., & Damall, D. C. (2007). A Construct Study of the Eight Symptoms of Severe Parental Alienation Syndrome. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 47(1-2), 55–75. doi:10.1300/j087v47n01_04

Baker, A. J., & Darnall, D. (2006). Behaviors and strategies employed in parental alienation: A survey of parental experiences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 45(1-2), 97-124.

Balmer, S., Matthewson, M., & Haines, J. (2018). Parental alienation: Targeted parent perspective. Australian journal of psychology, 70(1), 91-99.‏

Bender, W. N., & Brannon, L. (1994). Victimization of non-custodial parents, grandparents, and children as a function of sole custody: Views of the advocacy groups and research support. Journal of divorce & remarriage, 21(3-4), 81-114.

Bereczkei, T., Birkas, B., & Kerekes, Z. (2010). The presence of others, prosocial traits, achiavellianism. Social Psychology.

Berger, C., & Caravita, S. C. (2016). Why do early adolescents bully? Exploring the influence of prestige norms on social and psychological motives to bully. Journal of Adolescence, 46, 45-56.

Bodenmann, G., & Cina, A. (2006). Stress and coping among stable-satisfied, stable-distressed and separated/divorced Swiss couples: A 5-year prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 44(1-2), 71-89.

Cartwright, G. F. (1993). Expanding the parameters of parental alienation syndrome. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3), 205-215.

Cartwright, G. F. (1993). Expanding the parameters of parental alienation syndrome. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3), 205–215. doi:10.1080/01926189308250919

Clemente, M., & Padilla-Racero, D. (2021). Obey the justice system or protect children? The moral dilemma posed by false parental alienation syndrome. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105728.

Cohen, O., & Finzi-Dottan, R. (2012). Reasons for divorce and mental health following the breakup. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(8), 581-601.

Conway, N. (2021). PARENTAL ALIENATION: FROM ADULT RETROSPECTIVE RECALL TO CURRENT PARENTS AND PARENT PARTNERS (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Stanislaus).

Doǧan, R. Y., & Aytekin, Ç. (2021). An Overview of Parental Alienation from the Framework of Ecological Systems Theory. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 13(3), 551-572.

Dreman, S., & Aldor, R. (1994). A Comparitive Study of Custodial Mothers and Fathers in the Stabilization Phase of the Divorce Process. Journal of divorce & remarriage, 21(3-4), 59-80.

Dunne, J. E., & Hedrick, M. (1994). The parental alienation syndrome: An analysis of sixteen selected cases. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 21(3-4), 21-38.

Faller, K. C. (1998). The parental alienation syndrome: What is it and what data support it?. Child maltreatment, 3(2), 100-115.

Fischel‐Wolovick, L. (2020). Battered mothers and children in the courts: A lawyer’s view. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 17(3), 246-261.

Garber, B. D. (2011). Parental alienation and the dynamics of the enmeshed parent–child dyad: Adultification, parentification, and infantilization. Family Court Review, 49(2), 322-335.

Gardner, R. (1992). Parental alienation syndrome: A guide for mental health and legal professionals. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. A. (1985). Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation. In Academy forum (Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 3-7).

Gardner, R. A. (2002). Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: Which Diagnosis Should Evaluators Use in Child-Custody Disputes? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2), 93–115. doi:10.1080/019261802753573821

Gardner, R. A. (2003). Does DSM-IV have equivalents for the parental alienation syndrome (PAS) diagnosis?. American Journal of Family Therapy, 31(1), 1-21.

Gardner, R. A. (2004). Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s “The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome”. Family Court Review, 42(4), 611-621.

Gardner, R. A. (2005). COMMENTARY ON KELLY AND JOHNSTON’S “THE ALIENATED CHILD: A REFORMULATION OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME.” Family Court Review, 42(4), 611–621.

Harman, J. J., Kruk, E., & Hines, D. A. (2018). Parental alienating behaviors: An unacknowledged form of family violence. Psychological Bulletin, 144(12), 1275.

Johnston, J. R., & Kelly, J. B. (2005). REJOINDER TO GARDNER’S “COMMENTARY ON KELLY AND JOHNSTON’S ‘THE ALIENATED CHILD: A REFORMULATION OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME.’” Family Court Review, 42(4), 622–628.

Lee-Maturana, S., Matthewson, M. L., & Dwan, C. (2020). Targeted parents surviving parental alienation: Consequences of the alienation and coping strategies. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2268-2280.

Lee-Maturana, S., Matthewson, M., & Dwan, C. (2021). Ten Key Findings on Targeted Parents’ Experiences: Towards a Broader Definition of Parental Alienation. Journal of Family Issues, 0192513X211032664.

Lee‐Maturana, S., Matthewson, M., Dwan, C., & Norris, K. (2019). Characteristics and experiences of targeted parents of parental alienation from their own perspective: A systematic literature review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71(2), 83-91.

Martín, C. R. I. (2021). Parental alienation syndrome and the ‘friendly parent’concept as examples of perversion of the system. In The Routledge International Handbook of Shared Parenting and Best Interest of the Child (pp. 271-282). Routledge.

Meier, J. S. (2009). A historical perspective on parental alienation syndrome and parental alienation. Journal of child custody, 6(3-4), 232-257.

Olthof, T., Goossens, F. A., Vermande, M. M., Aleva, E. A., & van der Meulen, M. (2011). Bullying as strategic behavior: Relations with desired and acquired dominance in the peer group. Journal of school psychology, 49(3), 339-359.

Poustie, C., Matthewson, M., & Balmer, S. (2018). The forgotten parent: The targeted parent perspective of parental alienation. Journal of Family Issues, 39(12), 3298-3323.‏

Rand, D. C. (1997). The spectrum of parental alienation syndrome (Part II). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, 15(3).

Rathus, Z. (2020). A history of the use of the concept of parental alienation in the Australian family law system: contradictions, collisions and their consequences. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 42(1), 5–17.

Roma, P., Marchetti, D., Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Fontanesi, L., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2021). A Comparison of MMPI-2 Profiles Between Parental Alienation Cases and Custody Cases. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1-11.

Ronner, A. D. (2000). Women who dance on the professional track: Custody and the red shoes. Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 23, 173.

Sîrbu, A. G., Vintilă, M., Tisu, L., Ștefănuț, A. M., Tudorel, O. I., Măguran, B., & Toma, R. A. (2021). Parental Alienation-Development and Validation of a Behavioral Anchor Scale. Sustainability, 13(1), 316.

Spigelman, A., & Spigelman, G. (1994). The effects of divorce on children: Post-divorce adaptation of Swedish children to the family breakup: Assessed by interview data and Rorschach responses. Journal of divorce & remarriage, 21(3-4), 171-190.

Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation. British journal of developmental psychology, 17(3), 435-450.

Tavares, A., Crespo, C., & Ribeiro, M. T. (2021). What Does it Mean to be a Targeted Parent? Parents’ Experiences in the Context of Parental Alienation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(5), 1370-1380.

Ver Steegh, N. (2004). Differentiating types of domestic violence: Implications for child custody. La. L. Rev., 65, 1379.

Published
2022-06-15
How to Cite
Moussa, M., & Sayed, M. (2022). The child and custody gender, the age of the child at the time of divorce, and its relationship to the attitude towards parents among children with parental alienation syndrome at the end of the custody age. International Journal of Research in Educational Sciences., 5(3), 179 - 214. Retrieved from http://iafh.net/index.php/IJRES/article/view/332
Section
Articles